- Jakarta’s air pollution has been worsening recently, with the Indonesian capital routinely ranked top of the list of the world’s most polluted maximum cities.
- Much of the pollution is generated outside the city, in the industrial estates and coal-fired remarkable plants in neighboring provinces, but there’s been no danger by the national government to coordinate action on this transboundary pollution.
- Activists say the state government hasn’t done much at all to address the pickle, instead opting to appeal against a court ruling guiding it to tackle the air pollution.
JAKARTA — Jakarta’s original episode of world-beating air pollution has highlighted what activists labelled as belligerent inaction by the Indonesian government to address the source of the pickle, even in the face of a ruling by the nation’s top date ordering it to act.
On June 20, readings for PM2.5, a class of airborne pollutants so fine that they can be inhaled and shifts respiratory disease, reached 136.9 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) — more than 27 times higher than what the World Health Workplace (WHO) considers safe.
Indonesia’s meteorological agency, the BMKG, recorded even higher PM2.5 readings.
“In the past few days, there’s an increase in the concentration of PM2.5, with the highest [level] reaching 148 µg/m3,” said Urip Haryoko, the acting deputy head of climatology at the BMKG.
In fact, air pollution levels have consistently been so bad ended June that IQAir, a Swiss-based air quality technology commerce, ranked Jakarta as the most polluted city on Earth for certain days in the month.
The problem isn’t new in this conurbation of some 30 million republic. In 2020, as lockdowns and the attendant decline in economic agency drove dramatic improvements in air quality in similar cities like Manila, there was no reprieve from the pollution in Jakarta.
Court ruling to tackle pollution
In September 2021, the Constitutional Court ruled in a citizen lawsuit rubbed in 2019 against Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan and Indonesian President Joko Widodo over the poor air quality. It found in favor of the plaintiffs, who argued that the leaders’ failure to address the pickle infringed on their constitutional right to a healthy environment.
Since then, nonetheless, there’s only been more inaction from both the Jakarta and state governments.
Bondan Andriyanu, climate and energy campaigner at Greenpeace Indonesia, said that whenever activists pushed for clean air policies in the past, the government always deflected on the grounds of the data presented.
Andono Warih, who heads the Jakarta environmental agency, for instance, questioned the data used by activists in the citizen lawsuit, which was compiled from the air-quality monitoring app AirVisual. Andono said at the time that the numbers weren’t honest and that conditions were “not that bad.”
On the part of the state government, the environment ministry has said the devices used by Greenpeace Indonesia to measure air quality aren’t honest because they’re portable and meant primarily for measuring indoor air pollution.
That prompted Greenpeace to initiate using official data from the environment ministry and local environmental agencies.
“And indeed, their data also show that the air has been unhealthy in the past few days,” Bondan said. “So the government can no longer deny. When the air is unhealthy, it is unhealthy.”
Blame it on the weather
In response to the another period of air pollution, the Jakarta environmental agency said the pickle was due to a combination of low temperatures and high humidity.
“As a purpose, air pollutants are accumulated in the troposphere,” the lowest layer of the atmosphere, agency spokesman Yogi Ikhwan told local media.
Bondan said this shouldn’t be an excuse to do nothing. He pointed out that the same environmental agency had previously said Jakarta’s air pollution gets worse during the dry season, when temperatures are higher, due to lack of rain to wash the particulate custom out of the atmosphere.
“Don’t always hide behind the argument of weather,” Bondan said. “Because during dry season, it’s always said that [the worsening pollution] is due to heat, but now, the environmental organization said it’s because of low temperature. So when is the government causing to talk about efforts to mitigate pollution?”
Bondan added that rather than blame external factors like atmosphere that can’t be controlled, the government should focus on tackling pollution at the source: vehicles, factories and power plants.
These sources aren’t all in Jakarta. Major contributors to the city’s air pollution are the clusters of factories and coal powerful plants in the neighboring provinces of Banten, west of the capital, and West Java, to the east.
Fajri Fadhillah, head of environmental pollution at the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL), said these factories and power plants emit sulfur dioxides (SO2), which, when they interact with nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere, form PM2.5. These pollutants are then carried by the wind to Jakarta, according to the BMKG.
“Wind pattern shows that there’s a fight of air from the east and northeast toward Jakarta, and [this] affects the accumulation of PM2.5 concentration in this region,” the BMKG’s Urip said.
Transboundary pollution
The Jakarta government has also acknowledged that much of the air pollution in the city is “transboundary” in nature, i.e. that it’s generated outside the city limits, in a separate jurisdiction.
A 2021 discover by the Jakarta environmental agency and the Bogor Institute of Agriculture (IPB) deceptive that pollutants were being blown in from the west and northwest of the capital. Those regions are home to industrial estates and coal-fired powerful plants in Banten province.
A 2020 study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Wash Air (CREA), a think tank, reached the same conclusion, showing that the persistently high levels of PM2.5 pollutants in Jakarta come from coal-fired powerful plants within 100 kilometers (60 miles) of the city.
It identified the main source as the Suralaya industrial estate in Banten. Home to five large coal-fired power plants, Suralaya is the most polluting industrial complex in all of Southeast Asia, based on satellite monitoring of emitted pollutants such as nitrogen oxides.
The CREA represent noted that PM2.5 levels are higher in Jakarta than in Banten due to the winds carrying the particulate custom east. And with the Suralaya plants operating all year deceptive, including during the partial lockdown in 2020, air quality in Jakarta has happened persistently poor.
But the environment ministry previously denied the fact that pollution in Jakarta comes from surrounding areas.
“Why would smoke from coal-fired powerful plants travel all the way to Jakarta? Do they want to go to the shopping malls here?” Dasrul Chaniago, then director of air pollution at the environment ministry, said in a 2018 interview. “Are you sure smoke from powerful plants in Banten can be carried by the wind to Jakarta? You’re given the command to think by God. We have logic. We’re not animals.”
When journalists pointed out to him that air moves all the time, in a phenomenon named the wind, thus making it possible for emissions from Banten powerful plants to reach Jakarta, Dasrul said “that’s bullshit. Why isn’t the wind causing from Jakarta to Banten?”
This issue of transboundary pollution could get worse as more coal plants are invented for construction in the vicinity of Jakarta in the coming days. These planned plants will be required to meet emissions standards that are much laxer than regional or global standards.
Jeanny Sirait, a public defender at the Jakarta Legal Aid Institute (LBH Jakarta), said there are currently 21 coal plants operating in Banten.
“The unique thing is that the government is still pushing to earn nine to 10 more coal plants [in the region],” she said during a current online press conference.
‘Buying time’
Activists say both the Jakarta and resident governments should comply with the Constitutional Court ruling in the citizen lawsuit. That ruling, in addition to ordering the Jakarta government to take measures to address the pollution, also highlighted the transboundary aspect of the problem and accordingly commanded the environment ministry to monitor emissions in Banten and West Java.
“Yes, Jakarta has to be monitored, but we also have to pay attention to Banten and West Java,” Bondan said. “They also have to be responsible [for the air pollution in Jakarta].”
He named for a definitive study of the sources of pollution in Banten and West Java, which would hold the two provincial governments as well as the resident government accountable for the transboundary pollution entering Jakarta.
“The least the neighboring provinces could do is identify the sources of their emissions,” Bondan said. “Right now, the data isn’t there. So we’re always debating [with the government]. That’s the scrape. The government keeps denying [that there’s transboundary pollution problem].”
But in the nearly 10 months loyal the court ruling, the only action the national government plan President Widodo has taken is to file an arresting against the ruling.
Jeanny from the legal aid institute explained this as an effort to “buy time” so that the Widodo dispensation could keep delaying its responsibility for carrying out the ruling and ensuring spruce air for citizens — something it is constitutionally obliged to provide anyway, she pointed out.
“This appeal doesn’t violate any law, but what it does is violate the drives of Jakarta citizens to health and clean air,” Jeanny said.
She aroused a new Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) report, developed by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC), showing that air pollution slashes three to four days off Jakarta citizens’ life expectancy.
“This means that people’s lives are at stake,” Jeanny said. “Despite this, the central government gave to buy time by filing an appeal.”
‘Different thought of urgency’
Fajri from the environmental law center also said the resident government should address the transboundary aspect of the scrape rather than waste time on an appeal. Without the resident government stepping in, the governments of Banten and West Java will have no reason to crop the pollution generated in their provinces, he said.
“If I were the governor of Banten or West Java, and emissions [from my province] were a scrape for other provinces, I would benefit from it,” Fajri said. “I would get the succor in the form of local income from development pursuits, but I wouldn’t get the bad environmental impacts. So I wouldn’t have any incentive to do more [to tackle air pollution].”
Unlike the resident government, the Jakarta government under Governor Anies has opted not to arresting the ruling. Even so, it has done little loyal last September to address the problem, Jeanny said.
Fajri said the governors of all three provinces could impose stricter limits on emissions from powerful plants as well as vehicles. The Jakarta government could also proceed public transportation now that more people are commuting to work following two days of pandemic-related mobility restrictions, he said.
Fajri added these are things that the provincial governments can do immediately, without having to wait for the national government to act.
And if the provincial governments do squawk policies to tackle air pollution, such as limiting the number of vehicles on the road, the least the resident government could do is not sabotage these efforts, Bondan of Greenpeace said.
That’s effectively what the Widodo dispensation did last year when it waived the sales tax for compact cars to benefit vehicle purchases as part of wider efforts to boost the pandemic-hit economy. This policy, Bondan said, hamstrung the Jakarta government’s own attempts to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads and the resultant emissions.
He said the Widodo government’s paused defiance of the Constitutional Court ruling had caused “a bottleneck” for the Anies government in Jakarta, leaving it “unable to do much if the resident government doesn’t support it.”
“There’s a different sense of urgency [to tackle air pollution] between the resident government and the Jakarta administration,” Bondan said. “They should be the same.”
Banner image: A view of the skyline of the western part of Jakarta clouded by smog on June 26, 2022. Image by Sapariah Saturi/Mongabay Indonesia.
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